Euclid summary biography of anton

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  • Robert Anton Wilson

    American author, futurist, and agnostic mystic (1932–2007)

    Robert Anton Wilson (born Robert Edward Wilson; January 18, 1932 – January 11, 2007) was an American author, futurist, psychologist, and self-described agnostic mystic. Recognized within Discordianism as an Episkopos, pope and saint, Wilson helped publicize Discordianism through his writings and interviews. In 1999 he described his work as an "attempt to break down conditioned associations, to look at the world in a new way, with many models recognized as models or maps, and no one model elevated to the truth". Wilson's goal was "to try to get people into a state of generalized agnosticism, not agnosticism about God alone but agnosticism about everything."

    In addition to writing several science-fiction novels, Wilson also wrote non-fiction books on extrasensory perception, mental telepathy, metaphysics, paranormal experiences, conspiracy theory, sex, drugs, and what Wilson called "quantum psychology".

    Following a career in journalism and as an editor, notably for Playboy, Wilson emerged as a major countercultural figure in the mid-1970s, comparable to one of his coauthors, Timothy Leary, as well as Terence McKenna.

    Early life

    Born Robert Edward Wilson in Methodist Hospital, in Brooklyn, New York, he spent his first years in Flatbush, and moved with his family to Gerritsen Beach, in a lower middle class area, around the age of four or five, where they stayed until relocating to the then-socioeconomically analogous South Slope section (in part to facilitate an easier high school commute for Wilson) when he was thirteen. He had polio as a child, and found generally effective treatment with the Kenny Method (created by Elizabeth Kenny) which the American Medical Association repudiated at that time. Polio's effects remained with Wilson throughout his life, usually manifesting as mino

    The Shape of a Life

    I just finished reading The Shape of a Life, which is the great geometer Shing-Tung Yau’s autobiography, co-authored with Steve Nadis. It’s quite fascinating, and an essential read for anyone interested in the history of modern mathematics. Yau has been for a long time a central figure in the field of geometric analysis, so this is in some ways as much an autobiography of the subject as well as of the man.

    Back in 2010 I wrote here about an earlier volume by Yau and Nadis, The Shape of Inner Space. What I really liked about that book (and discussed in some detail there) was the autobiographical material about Yau. Much of the book though was devoted to topics like string theory attempts to get physics out of Calabi-Yaus, with a discussion that was detailed and accurate, but to my mind often not of great interest (since these attempts don’t work…).

    The new book seems to have been written specifically to appeal to me, greatly expanding the autobiographical material of the earlier book, while limiting the discussion of dubious speculative physics. There is still a fair amount about physics, but this time more focused on another of Yau’s interests, the mathematical theory of general relativity.

    The book begins with the story of Yau’s early years in Hong Kong, how he managed to survive an impoverished childhood, avoid becoming a duck farmer, and ultimately find a way to get to the US and graduate study in mathematics at Berkeley. It’s a compelling story of that period and those places. It’s also about the best example I can think of to show how bringing someone with undeveloped talent into the environment of a first-rate research university can change their life, liberating them to accomplish great things, with dramatic impact on their intellectual development as well as that of a whole field.

    Yau has always had a deep interest in the history of mathematics, and the story he tells of his intelle

    Euclid

    Sometimes called Euclid of Alexandria, Euclid was a Greek mathematician that is usually referred to as the Father of Geometry. He authored Elements which is one of the most influential works in the history of mathematics.


    Euclid

    From the time it was published until the early 20th century, it served as the main textbook for teaching mathematics particularly geometry. It is in this mathematical and geometric treatise that Euclid deduced the principles of Euclidean geometry and wrote about conic sections, geometry, number theory, rigor and perspective.

    Euclid short bio and contributions to science

    • Euclid in Greek means "good glory", the anglicized version of the Greek name also means "renowned or glorious". As the greatest geometrician that ever lived, he was definitely aptly named.
    • He was presumed a prodigy of the famous philosopher and scholar Plato, and was active during the reign of Ptolemy 1 in Alexandria, which is around 323 to 283 BC.
    • Not much is known about the life of Euclid because of the lack of original references. He was rarely mentioned by other Greek mathematicians, and the few historical references to him were only written centuries after he lived. The date, place and circumstances surrounding his birth and death are unknown. Some researchers even proposed that Euclid does not refer to one person, but a team of mathematicians that called themselves Euclid. This theory, however, is not widely accepted.
    • No one really knows what Euclid looks like, although many famous artists tried to paint his portrait. So, whatever pictures of Euclid that exist today can be credited to the artists' imagination.
    • Euclid wanted to prove the truth about things using logic and reason. His books begin with the basic definitions of line shapes and a point, and then move on to more complicated aspects in geometry. She proved that all right angles are equal and that a straight line can be drawn between any two points. He al

    Biography

    Georg Klügel's father, Augustin Klügel, was a businessman working in Hamburg. His mother, Sara Hünten, was the daughter of Anton Christian Hünten and was also from Hamburg. Klügel, who was his parents' first son, attended the Johanneum Grammar School, the renowned humanistic school in Hamburg. From that school he progressed to the Hamburg Gymnasium Academicum where he received a solid mathematical education. He was strongly encouraged by the mathematics teacher at the Hamburg Gymnasium, Johann Georg Büsch (1728-1800), and, under his guidance, made a deeper study of mathematics and physics than the curriculum required. Büsch, who had studied at Hamburg and Göttingen, had been appointed to the Hamburg Gymnasium as a professor in 1856 and taught Klügel for his first four years in the post. Despite his love and talent for the subject at the Gymnasium, Klügel did not decide to follow a mathematical career at this stage, however, and he entered Göttingen University in 1760 with the intention of reading for a degree in theology.

    At Göttingen University Klügel took a mathematics course as part of his theology degree and so he met Abraham Kästner who quickly saw his talents in mathematics. Klügel was fascinated by the topic and was soon ready to follow Kästner's advice and change his course to read for a degree in mathematics. Again following Kästner's advice he wrote a thesis on the parallel postulate entitled Conatuum praecipuorum theoriam parallelarum demonstrandi recensioⓉ. In an introduction to his thesis, he writes:-
    There are few truths which can be demonstrated in geometry without the help of the theorem of the parallels, the fewer there are, which may be necessary, to prove that. In addition, as long as we have no exact terms of straight and curved lines, given by their definitions, the situation cannot be developed. These concepts are always quite obscure due to their nature. It is, however, not the geometry which appears a disgrace, when a pr
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