Barbara singh guru biography examples

PUNJABI is the language of the Punjab. Spoken slightly differently in two parts of the Punjab after the State was politically split into two, East Punjab and West Punjab (or Pakistan Punjab), on 15 August But the Punjabispeaking population is not confined to the political boundaries of the two Punjabs. In India Punjabi is also spoken in vast areas of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and the Ganganagar district of Rajasthan. In Pakistan too there are Punjabispeaking areas beyond the West ern Punjab; they are in North Western Frontier Province, Sindh and some territories of Jammu and Poonch under Pakistan`s occupation at present. Dr George A. Grierson, author of the monumental. Linguistic Survey of India, accepts Western Punjabi the language of Western Punjab as an independent language; but all speakers of Eastern and Western Punjabi have always treated Western Punjabi as a dialect of Punjabi. Even on the basis of linguistic analysis it cannot be established that it is a language different from Punjabi. The label Lahnda, given it by Grierson, is also incorrect; it is Lahndi, or more properly, Laihndi. Punjabi has three dialects with a number of subdialects in each of these. Eastern Punjabi, the language of Indian Punjab, has four subdialects, viz. Majhi, Malvai, Doabi and Puadhi. Western Punjabi or Lahndi contains Multani, ShahpuriJhangi, Pothohari and Hindko as subdialects. The third dialect, Pahari or Dogri, also has four subdialects Kangri, Bhattiali, Jammuali (the language of Jammu region) an Poonchi. The Dogrispeaking people are striving to get government recognition claiming that their language is different from Punjabi. But each region is claiming a separate entity of its own language: language of Jammu with the label Dogri, and that of Himachal Pradesh, naming it Himachali, PahariMajhi. The language ofMajha region, consisting ofAmritsar and Gurdaspur districts of the Indian Punjab, and the Lahore district of the Pakistani Punjab, is accepted to

Tenth Sikh guru from to

"Gobind Singh" redirects here. For the recipient of the Victoria Cross, see Gobind Singh (VC). For the Malaysian politician, see Gobind Singh Deo.

Guru Gobind Singh (Punjabi pronunciation:[gʊɾuːgoːbɪn̪d̪ᵊsɪ́ŋgᵊ]; born Gobind Das; 22 December – 7 October ) was the tenth and last human Sikh Guru. He was a warrior, poet, and philosopher. In , at the age of nine he was formally installed as the leader of the Sikhs after his father Guru Tegh Bahadur was executed by Emperor Aurangzeb. His father was the ninth Sikh Guru. His four biological sons died during his lifetime – two in battle and two executed by the Mughal governor Wazir Khan.

Among his notable contributions to Sikhism are founding the Sikh warrior community called Khalsa in and introducing the Five Ks, the five articles of faith that Khalsa Sikhs wear at all times. Guru Gobind Singh is credited with the Dasam Granth whose hymns are a sacred part of Sikh prayers and Khalsa rituals. He is also credited as the one who finalized and enshrined the Guru Granth Sahib as Sikhism's primary holy religious scripture and the eternal Guru. He also established the concept of Guru Panth as his spiritual successor, however this manner of guruship is seldom evoked today.

Family and early life

Gobind Singh was the only son of Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Sikh guru, and Mata Gujri. He was born into the Sodhi clan of the Punjabi Khatri community. He was born in Patna, Bihar on 22 December while his father was visiting Bengal and Assam. According to Desi Calendar, his birth date is Seven days after the New Moon Day in the Lunar Month of Poh (also called Poh Sudi 7 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ- ਪੋਹ ਸੁ

After many months of preparation, I am proud to announce that Spitalfields Life Books will be publishing A MODEST LIVING, Memoirs of Cockney Sikh by Suresh Singh in October. You will be able to read excerpts here in the pages of Spitalfields Life over coming weeks.

In this first London Sikh biography, Suresh tells the candid and sometimes surprising story of his family who have lived in their house in Princelet St for nearly seventy years, longer I believe than any other family in Spitalfields. In the book, chapters of biography are alternated with a series of Sikh recipes by Jagir Kaur, Suresh&#;s wife.

You can support publication by pre-ordering a copy now, which will be signed by Suresh Singh and sent to you on publication.

Click here to order a signed copy of A MODEST LIVING for £20

Suresh Singh and his wife Jagir in Princelet St this summer (Photograph by Patricia Niven)

Excerpt from A MODEST LIVING, Memoirs of a Cockney Sikh by Suresh Singh

I was four years old when I went to the Punjab for the first time. In , Mum took me and my younger sister to the remote village of Nangal Kalan which my father Joginder Singh left in to come to England. It was a hamlet of no more than a thousand people, including children, where everybody knew each other.

I was born in Mile End Hospital and brought up in Princelet Street, Spitalfields. Sometimes when I first arrived in the Punjab, I felt homesick for playing in the street, eating Heinz beans and drinking Tizer. At home, we closed our front door but in the village nobody even had a door, it was one big playground. I spoke only Punjabi all the time I was there and, when I came back to London, I could no longer speak English.

As my hair grew longer, I became excited to go to the Punjab because I wanted to become a Sikh like Dad. Being there made this feeling even stronger. I met my cousin with a hunched back who was a celibate Sikh priest and wore a ceremonial sword and turban. I loved spending time

Religious minority in Italy

Italian Sikhs are a growing religious minority in Italy, which has the second biggest Sikh population in Europe after the United Kingdom (,) and sixth largest number of Sikhs in the world. It is estimated that there are , Sikhs in Italy, constituting % of the total Italian population.

History

Sikh Gurus

One of the earliest documented interactions of Italians and Sikhs was in , when Niccolao Manucci, a Venetian doctor who practiced medicine in Lahore, is "reported" to have attended Guru Gobind Singh to treat a stab wound during his final days in Nanded, India. However this claim is a point of contention.

Sikh Empire

The Italians had a significant impact on the Sikh Empire under Maharaja Ranjit Singh. They played key roles in the administration, military, and cultural aspects of the empire. Some notable Italians who influenced the Sikh Empire were General Jean-Baptiste Ventura and General Paolo Crescenzo Avitabile.

Ventura was a commander in the Fauj-i-Khas, a brigade of the Fauj-i-Ain section of the Sikh Khalsa Army of Punjab.

The Italians, along with other European mercenaries, were instrumental in modernizing and reorganizing the Khalsa Army, bringing it up to European standards. They introduced new military strategies, training techniques, and weaponry, enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of the Sikh forces.

In addition to their military contributions, the Italians also held influential positions within the Sikh administration. They served as advisors to the Maharaja and held administrative posts in various provinces. For example, General Paolo Crescenzo Avitabile was appointed as the Governor of Wazirabad and succeeded Sikh leader General Hari Singh Nalwa as Governor of Peshawar where he implemented administrative reforms and maintained order in those regions.

The Italians also had a cultural impact on the Sikh Empire. They b